... learn from existing data and predict the hardness of Cu thin films, thereby reducing experimental and time costs while maintaining predictive accuracy. Originality/value Leveraging advanced ML techniques, we developed a novel PSO-XGBoost hybrid framework to unravel complex nonlinear interactions...

... the reliability. Simulation verification for parameter estimation with particle swarm optimization (PSO) is carried out. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed approach for degradation reliability is verified by the two-stage verification and the comparison with others’ work. Findings Simulation...

... is replaced with neural network to expedite the computations of the forward problem. For the inverse approach, genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) are applied to estimate the unknown parameters. Eventually, a hybrid algorithm is proposed by combining PSO with Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb...