... Quantum-Inspired Simulated Annealing (QISA) algorithm that integrates quantum superposition and tunneling effects into a simulated annealing framework. Design/methodology/approach The algorithm enhances global search capabilities by efficiently exploring the solution space and mitigating local optima...

... markings that correspond to each TFS and are minimal, and the quality of individuals is assessed. Third, simulated annealing (SA) is used to improve the individuals in the population, and then GA is used for a global search. Finally, the above operations are repeated until the termination condition...