... results well, e.g. the strength degradation, stiffness deterioration and pinching effects. (2) The stress and damage are both continuous functions of strain (i.e. no jumps), guaranteeing the computational stability of the model. (3) The model has a broad scope of applications and is capable of simulating...

... function. Under variable load, the key stress from transient FEA is transformed into probability density function by kernel density estimation, and the residual strength model is modified by adding adjustment factors to deal with strength degradation under different loads. Findings The critical...