...Seyed Ashkan Zarghami; Ofer Zwikael Purpose A variety of buffer allocation methods exist to distribute an aggregated time buffer among project activities. However, these methods do not pay simultaneous attention to two key attributes of disruptive events that may occur during the construction...

...” (CSI₂) model is proposed to objectively show and estimate lost productivity due to changes in construction projects. Findings A schedule-based analysis to include separate tracking of change order costs can be used to predict productivity due to the delay and disruption; changes in construction...