... safety. Design/methodology/approach This study introduces a novel approach using a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-optimized long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network for surface settlement prediction. The PSO algorithm optimizes key hyperparameters of the LSTM model, including the number...

..., convolutional neural network, long short-term memory and convolutional long short-term memory to analyze the data thoroughly. This involved experimenting with various window sizes and overlap ratios to determine the optimal combination that would result in the most accurate predictions. Findings Based...