Keywords: Means-end chain
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Journal Articles
Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 1–26.
Published: 14 August 2026
... and maximizes benefits. The model employs a means-end chain (MEC) to construct a hierarchy value network by considering the owner's preferences and the values of various BIM items. To optimize procurement within budget constraints, an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is integrated into the proposed model...

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