... assemblies management Building information modelling Metaheuristic algorithm Design for manufacturing and assembly Nomenclature: DfMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly OSC Offsite Construction DfM Design for Manufacture DfA Design for Assembly APS Assembling...

... (FBI) metaheuristic algorithm with ensemble machine learning to detect fraudulent declarations effectively. The model is optimized for class imbalance, ensuring strong performance across key metrics, including accuracy, precision, specificity, F1 score and area under the curve (AUC). Findings...