...Xiaofeng He; Guofeng Ma Purpose This paper addresses the challenge of accurately identifying cost factors and their interrelations for effective cost management in urban rail transit projects. Traditional manual methods are inefficient, subjective, and prone to error. Furthermore, existing Natural...

...Xiaofeng He; Guangbin Wang; Jiule Song; Zhefeng Zhou; Zhengming Xu Purpose Urban rail transit projects in China are increasingly facing rising cost pressures and growing investment complexity, which underscores the need for integrating digital technologies to optimize investment control processes...