...-horizontal collaboration is the most effective collaboration mode for SMEs, positively impacting their overall eco-innovation portfolio. Finally, STI collaboration is positively associated with product eco-innovation. Practical implications Policymakers should support SMEs by designing programmes...

..., there were many innovative pioneering SMEs operating in the industry and because the sector was going through significant changes. Findings Three multi-firm collaboration modes in the commercialization phase were identified: networks with a lead partner, equal partnership, and partnership for external...