American marketing in the European Union: standardization′s uneven progress (1973‐1993)

This 1993 update of previous 1973 and 1983 surveys of US marketing policies in the now renamed and reshaped Economic Union reveals that the obstacles to standardization remain high, and that it has broadly, if not uniformly, decreased since 1983 – opposite to the trend between 1973 and 1983. Moreover, more marketing decisions by US firms are now made at the European level. Theoretical and managerial implications are drawn from these findings.