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Keywords: Training costs
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Journal Articles
Age-gap paradox in employee turnover: cross-national evidence on the role of training and development
Open Access
European Journal of Management and Business Economics 1–20.
Published: 12 June 2026
... composition, complex T&D systems, and training costs on voluntary turnover. Findings Results reveal that a larger age gap correlates with higher voluntary turnover. However, this relationship is moderated by training complexity and costs. Complex T&D programs reduce turnover among older employees...
Includes: Supplementary data
