... by their duties due to manpower constraints. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel game-based augmented reality navigation system (GARNS) based on the Octalysis gamification framework and scaffolding theory to support makerspace user education, hoping to promote learners’ learning motivation...

...Qiang Jian Purpose This paper aims to study the effects of digital flipped classroom teaching method integrated cooperative learning model on learning motivation and outcome. From the perspective of promoting students’ learning engagement, this study puts forward suggestions for the effective...