..., providing data for analysis. Findings Using structural equation modeling, the results show a positive and significant impact of achievement, personal control and innovation on attitudes towards entrepreneurship. Self-esteem, however, has a non-significant impact on attitudes towards entrepreneurship...

... supplement/complement findings from the quantitative survey and the open-ended qualitative instrument (both self-reports). Practical implications The study had practical significance in that its findings could be used by instructors and policy makers to improve the achievement of VTE students in Brunei...