..., Habermas and Freire and the abstraction of these foundations into pedagogical design principles. Findings The study proposes a dialogue-based competency development model with a three-layer structure: (1) a philosophical foundation layer, (2) a pedagogical implementation layer organized into three...

... revealed that the theory-practice gap manifests differently across stakeholder groups and educational contexts, requiring tailored solutions. The IELF-PM framework addresses these challenges through four integrated dimensions: Progressive Competency Development, Authentic Learning Environments, Assessment...

... model, researchers developed specific models to enable even more targeted competency development in particular areas and best prepare founders for specific challenges. For example, Guritno et al. (2019) and Amini et al. (2018) developed specific competency models for Social...