... of learner engagement, followed by reward and enjoyment. Engagement significantly boosted both academic performance and course satisfaction, highlighting its central role in making gamified learning effective. Interestingly, direct effects from gamification to outcomes were limited, emphasising...

... outcomes Instructional video Video-based learning Course satisfaction Perceived helpfulness However, guidance on self-paced learning is significantly useful for students in flipped classroom (Hao, 2016 ; Lai and Hwang, 2016 ; Shyr and Chen, 2018). Pre-class videos are fundamental...