... auditing and maintenance planning, offering a potentially scalable, low-disruption pathway for digitalising university facilities. Originality/value This study contributes by repositioning S2B as an FM-oriented information workflow for educational buildings, rather than a purely geometric modelling...

...Bahar Taherian; Mohamad Mahdi Zafarani Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate the challenges and relevant solutions associated with the retrofitting of educational buildings. This study delves into the technical and implementation challenges faced by both contractors...