... function were also employed to determine the magnitude and direction of shocks. Findings The decomposition of forecast error variance shows that biomass consumption (traditional renewable energy consumption) is the short-, medium- and long-term dominant factor. Income is found to reduce deforestation...

... in the collection or harvesting of NTFPs for household consumption and for income generation. This implies that not all NTFPs harvested are consumed. Technically, NTFPs’ commercialisation measures the portion of the total output or total quantity of NTFPs harvested that is sold. This can be estimated using...