...)). Design/methodology/approach The DS-DVGM(1,1,T) model is built upon the theoretical framework of the discrete grey forecasting model, incorporating a dual processing mechanism to account for the dual interaction effect and nonlinear characteristics of the system. Seasonal dummy variables are introduced...

... ( t n ) } , if Grey system theory Grey forecasting model GM(1, 1) model GM (1, N) model Discrete grey forecasting model In the past four decades, grey system theory (GST) has been developed rapidly and applied in a variety of real applications. Different with fuzzy set, rough...