... Conformable Fractional Grey Forecasting Model, GCFGM(1.1). Design/methodology/approach The model is established based on the right-fractional rectangular formula to ensure mathematical consistency between the continuous integral and discrete accumulation. The inverse restoration is implemented via matrix...

... neural grey system model after thorough research. This model reduces computing load whilst retaining numerical stability. Song and Hu (2022) established a fractional accumulative time-delay GM(1,N) (FATGM(1,N)) forecasting model and determined the optimal time-lag effect control coefficients...