... optimization function (particles warm) encapsulated in MATLAB 2024a to identify the optimal non-structural parameters. The constructed nonlinear optimization model is as follows: Grey multivariable prediction Interaction Fractional-order accumulation Particle swarm optimization Carbon emissions...

... and related policies regarding natural gas import and export. Originality/value The primary contribution of this article is the proposition of a grey multivariate prediction model, which accommodates both new and historical information and is applicable to complex nonlinear scenarios. In addition...