... evolving inter-city spillovers to enhance spatiotemporal carbon emission predictions for urban agglomeration. Design/methodology/approach This work develops a spatiotemporal discrete grey multivariate model, denoted as STDGM (1, N, M), in which a composite...

... the FARDCGM(1,N) model’s remarkable accuracy and stability. This innovative model proves to be an excellent forecasting tool for systematically analyzing port cargo throughput under external interventions and time lag effects. Originality/value A novel self-adaptive grey multivariate modeling framework...