... with distortion with steady computations, whereas the presence of discrete blades would require to perform an unsteady computation to correctly capture the wakes. Unlike the actuator disk method, the source terms are active in the whole volume swept by the blades (Figure 2), which allows to capture effects...

...Chennu Ranganayakulu; Jaideep S. Mathur; Perumal Nithiarasu; R.S. Sudheesh; N. Siva Prasad Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of trailing liquid nitrogen (LN2) heat sink on arc welding of mild steel plates. The effect on temperature field, stress and distortions are studied...