... out characteristics of the instrument. At times, the instrument characteristics are substituted by simple algebra dependencies, which have been devised on the basis of experimental results. Flow measurement Turbulent flow Bend Elbow flow meter Square-sectioned duct Volumetric flow rate...

... it. M.S. Seif can be contacted at: seif@sharif.edu © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2007 Flow measurement Numerical control Density measurement Simulation Interfacial flows play a very important role in many physical processes in a variety of domains. While nowadays the single...

... of the fuel cell. σ =electric conductivity, S/m λ =water content of the membrane Superscript eff =effective value Fluid dynamics Fuels Flow measurement a =water vapor activity c =molar concentration D =species diffusivity...

...)/(w_w−w_{0) b =channel width (m) Nomenclature Heat transfer Convection Flow measurement The solution of the PDEs modeling the flow field is based on the finite volume method. The velocity‐pressure coupling is treated with the SIMPLER algorithm (Patankar, 1980}...

... 2006 Films (states of matter) Cooling Gas flow Flow measurement Computational geometry D_h hydraulic diameter of cavity hole at exit plane (m) β orientation angle for holes k turbulent kinetic energy (m²/s^{2) L}...

... 2006 Convection Flow measurement Rayleigh‐Ritz methods wall at wall The solution domain is discretized using a non‐uniform mesh with smaller grid spacings near the walls and larger spacings in the interior, which allows the hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers to be resolved...

..., south, east, west, low or high node w wall Flow measurement Geometry Lasers Gas flow H enthalpy K thermal conductivity k turbulent kinetic energy p pressure P rate of production R_ij...

... the macroscopic velocity vector and principal axes α′ cross flow angle (projected angle) v_f kinematic viscosity © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2005 Flow measurement Numerical analysis Heat measurement a_f specific interfacial area...

... x_j space coordinate α volume fraction ε dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2005 Oils Water Fluid mechanics Geometry Flow measurement C inlet concentration of water liquid μ dynamic...

...‴_ij=dissipation rate of k μ, μ_t=molecular, eddy viscosity ν, ν_t=kinematic, kinematic eddy viscosity ρ=density Flow measurement Heat transfer Turbulent flow Modelling c₁...

... x_i=Cartesian coordinates (x, y) δ_ij=Kronecker delta ε˜=isotropic dissipation rate Θ=temperature Flow measurement Heat transfer Turbulence Modelling A=cross‐section at area EVM=Launder and Sharma low‐Re linear...

... a major role on the convergence rates. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2004 Heat transfer media Liquid flow Flow measurement C=curve representing the interface D=diameter of computational cylinder d=diameter of the bubble/drop σ...