... in a heterogeneous porous elliptical cavity. The quantified parametric insights and the AI-enhanced predictive framework offer a new paradigm for optimizing thermal systems involving porous nanofluid media and complex internal geometries. Nanofluid Natural convection Double diffusion Heterogeneous porous media...

.... A partial layer of a homogeneous/heterogeneous porous medium is located in the top area of the X-shaped cavity. Design/methodology/approach Three different cases of the porous media including homogeneous, horizontal heterogeneous and vertical heterogeneous porous media were considered. Three different...