... additional reductions in pressure loss compared to angle optimization, while decreasing the manufacturability of the nozzle considerably. Originality/value This paper presents a comparative study of FDM nozzle shape optimization using a Giesekus model. The authors introduce a flexible optimization...

... and computational fluid dynamics. Design/methodology/approach The process starts with developing several data sets for certain 2D sections by means of training several artificial neural networks (ANNs) as surrogate models. Afterward, the trained ANNs are applied to the 3D shape optimization along...