...J.H. Tsai; C.A. LIN; C.M. LU Numerical simulations were applied to suddenly‐expanding‐pipe flows,with and without swirl at the inlet, using an eddy‐viscosity type k‐ε model and Reynolds stress transport model variants. The predicted mean and turbulence results were compared...

... with the possibility of inlet and outlet ports, and with internal heat sources. Turbulence is modelled by means of two‐equation k‐ε turbulence models, both in the simplest form using wall functions and in the more general form of low‐Reynolds‐number k‐ε models. The couple time average governing equations (continuity...