... Foreign exchange reserves Reserve cushion illusion C22 F31 H63 Global public debt rose to an unprecedented level of US$102tn in 2024, with developing economies contributing disproportionately to this increase and recording substantially faster debt accumulation than advanced economies...

... factors C22 E44 G20 Following the 2008–2009 financial crisis, market volatility surged in the EU, particularly in the Eurozone’s bond and stock markets. While credit rating agencies are seen as contributors to financial instability, increased volatility heightens macroeconomic uncertainty...

... precariousness Disinflation C22 E24 E31 J3 Symmetry principles are principles governing the laws of nature that say those laws look the same if you change your point of view in certain ways. Steven Weinberg American theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate 1979 President of the New...

... misinvoicing Domestic resource mobilization Dols Nigeria C22 E62 F21 Figure 1. Trend of trade misinvoicing and government revenue in nigeria Financial constraints undermine sustainable development, particularly in an emerging economy like Nigeria. This is because financial...