... changes to achieve development and revealing strategies used for refugee crisis. Due to a shortage of relevant studies, this study seeks to fill the associated gap with implications and recommendations guiding educational development in the Middle East, in addition to operational recommendations...

... quality increase real GDP growth significantly across Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. In contrast, institutional quality has a negative impact on the growth of private credit and private investment. Further, the combined evidence does not suggest that improvement in institutional quality...

...Magda Kandil; Ida Aghdas Mirzaie Purpose The paper aims to examine asymmetry in the cyclical behavior of private consumption in a sample of nine developing countries in the Middle East. Design/methodology/approach The empirical model includes three policy variables: government spending...