... to determine the long- and short-run dynamics between RE production and the three variables in each country. Findings Results show a long-run elasticity between RE and GDP, and short-run dynamics between RE and oil prices and CO₂ emissions in the developed countries. Whereas in the emerging...

... negatively for firms in developing economies, the impact is the opposite for firms in developed nations. In other words, strong ESG propositions induce share price stability for developing countries while destabilizing the firms in developed nations. Practical implications The policymakers should further...