... metrics Price-to-income ratio Rent-to-income ratio Potential tenants Rental housing market Although criticized for being too simplistic and omitting other factors, such as household size, cost of living, transportation and other expenses, the ratio approach remains popular, straightforward...

.... Originality/value This study introduces a new urban spatial house price-to-income ratio, and it examines how macroeconomic indicators, government regulation, real estate market supply and urban infrastructure level have a significant impact on housing affordability. The problem of having too many variables...

... the consistency and influencing factors of various indicators on the evaluation of housing affordability. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses multiyear data on house sales, residents’ incomes and living expenses from 2011 to 2022. House price-to-income ratio, housing affordability index and residual...