Bills of Lading Under Charter Parties and their Contractual Role Under Greek, United States and English Law

In carriage of goods by sea the contract of carriage is embodied either in charter parties or in bills of lading. A charter party is a contract between the charterer and the ship owner. The co‐existence of two (charter party and bill of lading) contractual documents has given rise to many problems concerning matters such as who is the carrier, the shipper or which is the contract of carriage itself.