... with employers have a significant impact on ensuring social protection for informal workers (Smit and Mpedi, 2010). The productivist idea of establishing a link between worker and capital emphasises the contributions of informal workers and employers as a means of employment-based protection for the workforce...

..., the author finds that on average informal workers earn less than formal workers, both in terms of monthly earnings and hourly wage. This result is not sensitive to the definition of informal employment used and is stable over the analysed time period (2009–2017). However, the wage penalty to informal...