... real hourly wages. The study finds that overeducated workers face persistent wage penalties, while undereducated workers earn premiums over the observed period. It further reveals that graduates suffer larger wage penalties from overeducation than non-graduates. By illustrating wage trajectories over...

..., the author finds that on average informal workers earn less than formal workers, both in terms of monthly earnings and hourly wage. This result is not sensitive to the definition of informal employment used and is stable over the analysed time period (2009–2017). However, the wage penalty to informal...