... 1990–2022 to investigate both linear and non-linear relationships between financial development and trade openness. While the former utilises CS-ARDL, the latter is captured within a panel threshold model. Findings We find overarching evidence that financial development enhances trade openness...

...). To determine the long-run relationship among the identified variables, this study uses various panel econometric techniques such as cross-sectional dependence (CSD) tests; second-generation unit root tests including CIPS and CADF; Pedroni, Kao and Westerlund cointegration tests; CS-ARDL, Driscoll–Kraay (DK...

..., the cross-section augmented autoregressive-distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model, for long-run and short-run analyses. Finally, to investigate the causal relationship between fiscal deficit and inflation within a panel framework, this study employs the novel test (JKS) introduced by Juodis et al. (2021...

... expenditure and population growth. To this end, the authors estimate panel data models for a sample of 36 member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) during 1984–2016. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lags (CS-ARDL...