... for the pre-crisis and post-crisis. The authors also divide the data by R&D intensity of sectors. Findings While backward GVC participation lowers both labor productivity and profitability growth, forward GVC participation promotes both. Moreover, simple and complex backward participation have...

... innovation. Further analysis indicates that CER engagement increases labor productivity and financial performance of SMEs. Practical implications Corporate managers should view implementation of environmental responsibility practices as a strategy to foster process innovation and boost labor productivity...