... to capture subsidiary performance, this study uses a multi-level analysis approach with the Hierarchical Linear Model statistic method to separate parent company attributes and subsidiary-owned attributes as two distinct levels. This method fills the gap in the literature by analyzing subsidiary performance...

... diversity Emerging markets Institutional theory Multi-level analysis Shadow economy Technology use in entrepreneurship H4. As immigration increases, the likelihood of LTUE increases. Significant between-country variance in the dependent variable requires multi-level analysis...