... and positive coefficient for IQ in India and South Africa, suggesting that improving IQ would enhance the IFDI. However, for outward FDI (OFDI)–IQ linkage, the results show a negatively significant impact of IQ on OFDI for Brazil and Russia. Additionally, the authors observe control of corruption...

... distance as an explanatory factor for Indian OFDI and provides evidence of institutional arbitrage. Institutional distance Outward FDI Institution based view Indian MNEs Institutional escapism Institutional exploitation After the post-liberalization in the 1990s, India has emerged...

...” and “learning effect” of exports (Wanger, 2007). Exporting firms Outward FDI Learning effect Total factor productivity Firm heterogeneity International trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) are the main driving forces of economic globalization, and the main participants are enterprises...

... that OFDI has a negative and significant impact on home country exports indicating that outward FDI is a substitute for exports in these countries. It also indicates long-run causality from exports towards OFDI. There is no long-run causality running from OFDI to exports, suggesting that MNEs do...

... of outward investment flows from their domestic companies. The literature on outward FDI (OFDI) from developing economies has focused mainly on large emerging countries, such as China and India. In the case of small developing economies, for which there is scant empirical evidence, firms willing to invest...

..., the authors use a more EMIC approach and look for specific determinants of outward FDI of firms originating in BRIC countries. Keywords: Brazil, BRIC countries, China, Cross-case analysis, India, International business, International investments, Internationalization, Outward FDI, Russia “Market...

...Dirk Holtbrügge; Heidi Kreppel Purpose Outward foreign direct investment (FDI) of firms from Brazil, Russia, India and China has increased significantly during the last few years. Despite this trend, comprehensive research on the specific determinants and antecedents of outward FDI from BRIC...