... to 90% of lean initiatives fail to realise the true promise of lean production (Basin and Burcher, 2006). We return to this fundamental issue in subsequent sections, as it provides critical insight into the disturbingly high failure rate in lean implementation initiatives. In order to increase...

... regards the developed “Cycles of Lean Implementation” concept. Originality/value – The conclusion proposes that partial implementation of the lean philosophy does not necessarily represent a conscious organizational choice, or any lack of conviction, but is representative of external constraints...