...: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. 29 10 2025 16 02 2026 10 03 2026 © Emerald Publishing Limited 2026 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Economic uncertainty Energy consumption Carbon dioxide emissions ARDL...

... to unit root analysis, such as ADF and DF-GLS, and the ARDL bounds test approach to analyze the long-run and short-run relationship between the selected time-series variables for India from 1993 to 2021. Further, diagnostic inspection like the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test and the Breusch–Godfrey Serial...

... The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) to cointegration bound test was employed for the econometrics analysis. Time series secondary quarterly data from 2012Q1 to 2018Q4 were examined. Food security data based on the Global Food Security Index score were employed. Findings The result revealed...

.../methodology/approach The authors examine the multidimensionality of global security using ARDL-based cointegration bound tests. The model allows also for examining the long-run/short-run impacts of global security indicators on economic growth. Findings The proposed methodology revealed interesting...

... governance indicators using the principal component analysis (PCA) method. After that, the short-run and long-run symmetric and asymmetric effects were estimated through linear and non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models, respectively. Findings The authors found short-run and long-run...

... confirm for both short and long-run. However, the impact of EPU on government investment in infrastructure development is found to be positive which does not confirm the expected hypothesis. ARDL Economic methodology Time series model Unemployment Uncertainty Nigeria E24 D81 C22 B41...

..., the highly celebrated autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) model is applied on annual time series data for the period 1991–2020 to investigate the long-run and short-run impact of the said relationship. Findings The authors observe that public investment is more productive than input subsidies...

..., Phillips Perron and Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schmidt-Shin unit root tests and bounds test were used to tests the series stationarity and co-integration, respectively. Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) and non-linear and linear autoregressive Distributive Lag (NARDL) estimators are employed to examine...

... autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) bound testing approach suggested by Pesaran et al. (2001) to find the long-run relationship among the variables. The causal linkages are investigated through block exogeneity test based on vector error correction model. Findings The empirical results indicate...

... growth does not affect per capita income Mamingi and Perch (2013) 1980–2016 Barbados ARDL Real GDP per capita Population growth, govt. spending, FDI, trade and domestic investment Population growth effect is positive and significant Shety and Sahoo (2015) 1970–2010 India Co-integration...

... Index method. The long-run relationship between FI and economic growth is examined by using the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to cointegration and nonlinear ARDL approach. Further, the direction of causality is investigated by employing the Toda–Yamamoto Granger causality test...

... Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only USA Poverty ARDL Property crime To describe the behavior of criminals, Becker (1968) developed an economic model. He points out that crime is one type of economic activity since offenders consider cost and benefit before committing crime...

... are explanatory variables under ARDL framework from 1976 to 2014 at annual frequency for Pakistan. Findings Direct taxes have positive relation with economic growth in the long run. Sales tax, tax on international trade (tariffs) and other indirect taxes have positive impact on economic growth of Pakistan...

.... The study also used ARDL-bounds testing approach and the unrestricted error-correction model to investigate co-integration in the long run and short run; Granger’s causality test to investigate the direction of the causality; and variance decomposition test to capture the influence of each variable...

... of democracy in different possible models of FDI flows. The intuition the paper empirically provides with an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model is how improvements in democracy have a significant positive impact on FDI flows to Turkey. The results may also put forward that, in the long run, FDI...

... for this long-run relationship, we employ the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model suggested by Pesaran et al. (2001) . The long-run relationship can be inferred by the additional application of the method suggested by Ericsson and MacKinnon (2002) , Narayan (2005) and Turner (2006...

... relationship from the perspective of insurance markets in a cross-section of African countries. Causality Africa ARDL Economic growth Insurance penetration Empirical studies on the causality between insurance and economic growth have mainly focused on developed economies (Ward and Zurbruegg...

... of integration of the variables. The long run relationship and short run dynamics are examined by implementing the ARDL bounds testing approach to co-integration. Granger’s non-causality test and variance decomposition techniques are also used to examine the impact of financial development indicators on human...

... to check for the order of integration of the variables. The long run relation is examined by implementing the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration. Findings The results confirm a relation among the variables. Evidence suggest that financial development, economic growth and consumer prices...