... energy. Previous topology optimisation algorithms were applied to enhance crash box crashworthiness, and the optimised model integrates the model. Design/methodology/approach Preliminary studies revealed that coaches do not comply with ECE R29 regulation during a frontal impact, necessitating...

... an overlap frontal crash scenario (crashworthiness). Simulation results were reviewed according to what is plausible to register regarding some critical points displacements and, moreover, to identify its stress concentrations zones. Furthermore, it was also computed the CCB modal analysis (noise, vibration...

... better results also in the case of low velocity impact. Originality/value The experimental database could be very useful to the crashworthiness community to validate their numerical models. Moreover, the present paper provides guidelines to modelling the water impact correctly. The drop test tower...