.../approach 3D numerical models are inspired from real BIPV tiles and used to investigate the coupled thermo-mechanical performance of BIPV tiles under ordinary conditions. The effects of temperature variations are highlighted in terms of deflection, stress and bending stiffness. Findings Key mechanical...

... the load-deflection behavior for CC16 series sleepers and showed typical sleeper failure modes at the end of testing. The development of 3-D numerical models capable of reproducing positive tests, where the nonlinear material properties of concrete sleepers can be included in detailed analyzes...

... truss. While as open sections (angle sections) were adopted as tension members in both these cases, the performance assessment was made on the basis of the peak loads carried by the trusses, the vertical deflections and the failure modes exhibited. Findings The results of this study indicated...