.... To address this, this paper proposes a novel machine vision model called LCD-YOLO, which leverages deep learning networks and computer vision technologies to provide a new solution for the automatic detection of steel surface defects. Firstly, Linear Deformable Convolution (LDConv) is introduced to solve...

... Emerald Publishing Limited 2025 Emerald Publishing Limited Licensed re-use rights only Recurrent neural network Convolutional neural network Crack growth path Time series forecasting Machine vision Funding: This work is supported by the Foreign Expert Program of the Ministry...