...Moses Agaawena Amagnya Purpose The media is described as a fourth estate of the realm due to its ability to frame and shape discussions on governance and provide a stimulus for fighting corruption. But is the media really an effective tool for fighting corruption? This question arises due...

... The paper adds to corruption researchers’ toolkit, by expanding research to factors affecting citizen voluntary choices to bribe. The research shows what specific variables should be considered and which of them are statistically significant in explaining citizen choices. Citizen participation...

...Ararat L. Osipian Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes that have taken place in the Russian higher education sector over the last two decades. Specifically, it analyses such phenomena as corruption and politicization of Russian universities through the concept of “loyalty...

... economy Economic conditions Informal economy Central Asia State Corruption The origin of the term informal economy has been attributed to papers written by the anthropologist Keith Hart in the early 1970s [1] . He used it to refer to the irregular income earning opportunities of the urban poor...