... tests were used to achieve this. Findings The study reveals four distinct wine tourism strategic orientations adopted by wineries in these regions. It emphasizes the importance of external ties, varying levels of competitiveness, website performance and geographical differences as key findings...

... wines specific (Gergaud et al., 2012), is usually considered a decisive competitive advantage on the global market. For an emerging territory, shared attributes may be hard to define. Agreeing on them can be a challenge because there is no “connection to long-established wine culture...

... and its determinants. Competitiveness Productivity Technical efficiency Viticulture systems The wine industry is exposed to the globalization and intense international competition, creating challenges and opportunities for the viticulture regions, which are bound to become increasingly...

..., 2014): constant elasticity of substitution (CES); product differentiation with imperfect competition (Anderson, 1979 ; Bergstrand, 1985); Ricardian models (Eaton and Kortum, 2002); Heckscher–Ohlin models (Deardorff, 1998); and the assumption of heterogeneous firms (Chaney, 2008 ; Helpman et al...