... penalties, and costs while balancing efficiency and equity. The model addresses limitations of traditional single-mode logistics, leveraging COVID-19 case data to enhance adaptability in resource allocation. Design/methodology/approach A robust optimization model is developed, integrating dynamic demand...

...Guangwei Deng; Kai Li; Liang Liang Purpose This study aims to strengthen pharmaceutical inventory resilience under dual supply–demand uncertainties by developing a multi-period robust optimization model embedded in the supply, processing and Distribution (SPD) framework, thereby addressing gaps...

... are then discussed in Section 5 . Finally, Conclusions are drawn in Section 6 . In this section, we review the related literature from three aspects: (1) deterministic parallel batch scheduling problem, (2) operational optimization problems under uncertain demand, and (3) robust optimization algorithms...