... availability. On the other hand, ant colony optimization (ACO), simulated annealing (SA), and genetic algorithm (GA) approaches were proposed to solve the model, and the upper bound was calculated to be the criteria to assess the performance of each meta-heuristic. After attempting to solve the model...

.../methodology/approach – Cost functions are presented to investigate how the changes in lead time affect different components of inventory cost in the present of random demand. Two methods including an iteration technique and Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm are presented to deal with the cost optimization...