... was to determine whether environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) developed by these organizations were transferred to companies, either through cooperation during research or through mechanisms such as licensing agreements or spin-offs. Design/methodology/approach In total, 1,939 research groups and 702...

... carried out by researchers, based on intellectual capital acquired or developed in universities or research institutes, within each researcher’s educational field (Franzoni and Lissoni, 2006). In addition to the creation of technology-based companies, commonly referred as spin-offs (Smilor et al...