... by promoting e-commerce and reducing the urban–rural divide in e-commerce use. Originality/value To determine how varying levels of e-commerce development affect the urban–rural income gap across regions, the study proposes four key causes of the digital divide in e-commerce: e-commerce intensity, public...

... and their perceived benefits. Importantly, these results suggest that rural households resist social change, which lowers their valuation of certain new publicly funded e-services. Research limitations/implications These findings extend the digital divide literature by providing empirical support...