... costs of REDD over and above the opportunity cost, including readiness, enforcement and monitoring, which initially were underestimated or ignored. Second, ensuring additionality, minimising leakage, and spatial targeting of carbon rich locations, are difficult and costly, and shown in the literature...

... Q57 Q56 Q24 Q15 O13 Q01 Parks nature reserves reserve site selection systematic conservation planning spatial prioritization incomplete markets sustainable development property rights enforcement Systematic conservation planning (SCP) refers to the conservation planning...

...Sandra Rousseau Sanctions are a crucial part of enforcing environmental regulations. We discuss the determinants and the levels of monetary penalties for environmental offenses found in practice. Three major categories of variables are distinguished: the circumstances of the offense...