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Keywords: Downstream participation
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Journal Articles
International Trade, Politics and Development (2025) 9 (3): 221–240.
Published: 18 November 2025
...-Saharan African countries over the period 1991–2017 and a panel smooth transition regression model to estimate the threshold effect. Findings We find that the GVC participation index affects informal employment at the 0.18% threshold and that downstream participation affects informal employment...

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